definition of the age of water and wind 1000ad

Impact of lockdown due to COVID 19 pandemic on Groundwater salinity in Punjab, India: some hydrogeoethics issues, Sustainable Groundwater Resources Management 7, 27 (2021). Krishan, Gopal, Sudersan, N, Sidhu BS, Vashisth, Rajesh.Role of Ion Chemistry and Hydro-Geochemical Processes in Aquifer Salinization-A Case Study from a Semi-Arid Region of Haryana, India. Identifying the seasonal variability in source of groundwater salinization using deuterium excess- a case study from Mewat, Haryana, India. Groundwater quality in the alluvial aquifer system of northwest India: new evidence of the extent of anthropogenic and geogenic contamination. Lapworth DJ, Krishan G, MacDonald AM, Rao MS.Impact of irrigated agriculture on groundwater-recharge salinity: a major sustainability concern in semi-arid regions. Foster, S., Pulido-Bosch, A., Vallejos, Á.Rodell M, Velicogna I, Famiglietti JS, 2009, Satellite-based estimates of groundwater depletion in India.Groundwater depletion and quality in the Indo-Gangetic basin mapped from in situ observations. Therefore, age dating of groundwater is of immense help in planning of the water conservation and advocating management measures in problematic areas. Groundwater age has also been encouraged as measures of assessing groundwater quality, its sustainability, renewability, identifying flow systems and paleochannels 13. Therefore, the age of the groundwater will increase with the downward movement of water from recharge zone to discharge zone. Once the water is recharged, the values of the isotopes used for age determination will start decreasing according to the half life. Groundwater age dating techniques 11-12 provides residence time of groundwater from few years to few thousand of years and help in identifying recharge zones as the age of water in recharge zones will be near to the age of recharging water. Groundwater age determination provides useful information to investigate flow and flow rates in deeper aquifers. Data limitations are there about recharge areas, flows and flow rates of groundwater in deeper aquifers. Deep aquifers are potential sources of groundwater as in most of the places shallow aquifers are either dried up or contaminated 10. Recharge primarily depends upon its sources, soil characteristics, surface topography, aquifer depth etc 9. Groundwater gets recharged through precipitation, surface water resources, and irrigation return flows.

Therefore, identifying, conservation and safeguarding of recharge sources and recharge zones is essential through appropriate measures.

Some of the factors for depleting groundwater levels and groundwater quality degradation are ever increasing populations industrial discharges surface pavements, deforestation etc are affecting recharge zones and recharge sources of groundwater 7-8. In addition to the fall in water table, quality of usable groundwater is also deteriorating due to the natural or anthropogenic contaminations 4-6. Temperature and wind may also play an important part, especially in relation to the damage done.Groundwater over exploitation and depletion in groundwater table in many parts of the World posing a serious problem and there is a pressing need to find out the responsible factors 1-3. Unsatisfactory distribution of precipitation throughout the year may be as effective a factor in causing a drought as a shortage in the total amount. Although water for irrigation or other uses in arid areas is always limited, special shortages in such areas are also regarded as droughts. When in an area that is ordinarily classed as humid, natural vegetation becomes desiccated or defoliates unseasonably and crops fail to mature owing to lack of precipitation, or when precipitation is insufficient to meet the needs of established human activities, drought conditions may be said to prevail. 2) discusses the problem of defining a drought:

Thus, there is no universally accepted quantitative definition of drought generally, each investigator establishes his own definition. What is a drought?Ī period of deficient precipitation or runoff extending over an indefinite number of days, but with no set standard by which to determine the amount of deficiency needed to constitute a drought. The volume of water represented by a flow of 1 cubic foot per second (cfs) for 24 hours. Water year 1977 is shown because it was the driest year on record based on California-wide run-off, and 1983 is shown because it was the wettest year. Thus, the year ending Septemis called the '1999' water year. The water year is designated by the calendar year in which it ends and which includes 9 of the 12 months. The term U.S.Geological Survey 'water year' in reports that deal with surface-water supply is defined as the 12-month period October 1, for any given year through September 30, of the following year.

Definition of the age of water and wind 1000ad